In what is perhaps the most stunning U.S. Supreme Court victory in history for LGBT people, the nation's highest court has voted six to three that a federal law barring discrimination on the basis of "sex" also prohibits discrimination based on "sexual orientation" and "gender status."
The court's decision in three cases testing the reach of Title VII of the federal Civil Rights Act came in one 33-page opinion consolidated under Bostock v. Clayton County. In words that will no doubt be highlighted for many years to come, Justice Neil Gorsuch (a Trump appointee who replaced the late conservative Justice Antonin Scalia) wrote:
"Ours is a society of written laws. Judges are not free to overlook plain statutory commands on the strength of nothing more than suppositions about intentions or guesswork about expectations. In Title VII, Congress adopted broad language making it illegal for an employer to rely on an employee's sex when deciding to fire that employee. We do not hesitate to recognize today a necessary consequence of that legislative choice: An employer who fires an individual merely for being gay or transgender defies the law."
"This is a huge victory not just for LGBTQ people, but for our country," said National Center for Lesbian Rights legal director Shannon Minter. "Today's decision will be remembered as a watershed in the history of LGBTQ rights, even as our country continues to grapple with the brutal legacy of racism."
"The Supreme Court agrees with the straightforward reading of the law that we've been advocating for years," said Jenny Pizer, senior attorney for Lambda Legal. "The words on the page say no workplace discrimination because of sex. There's no way to understand those words that excludes sexual orientation or gender identity. It means essential job protection for millions of LGBT people. That's more important than ever now as we grapple with the ongoing health pandemic and related economic challenges. For half a century, the law has promised workplace fairness. The Court today agrees that promise protects LGBTQ people like everyone else."
While decision interprets the reach of Title VII of the federal Civil Rights Act, the ruling is widely expected to be applicable to many other federal laws prohibiting discrimination based on sex. Among those laws are Title IX of the Education Amendments Act, the Fair Housing Act, the Equal Pay Act, the Equal Credit Act and section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act (which bars discrimination in health care and health care insurance.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers who have more than 15 employees from discriminating "because of sex." The question was whether courts should interpret "sex" to encompass sexual orientation and transgender status. The court took up the issue in two separate oral arguments: one dealing with sexual orientation and one dealing with transgender status.
The sexual-orientation cases were Altitude Express v. Zarda, from New York and the Second Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals, and Bostock v. Clayton County, from Georgia and the 11th Circuit. Both involved gay men who were fired after acknowledging they were gay. The Second Circuit said the employer's firing of parachute instructor Daniel Zarda did violate Title VII. But the 11th Circuit dismissed Gerald Bostock's lawsuit, saying the court was bound to conform to an earlier decision by the 11th Circuit—a ruling that Title VII does not cover sexual orientation.
The transgender status argument came through Harris Funeral v. EEOC, from Michigan and the Sixth Circuit. It marks the first time the U.S. Supreme Court has taken up the issue of whether a transgender person is protected by Title VII. The Harris case involves a funeral director, Aimee Stephens, who worked for years identifying as a male because that was the gender assigned to her on her birth certificate. But Stephens sincerely believed, since a young age, that her gender was female. When she got the courage to live true to her gender identity, she told her boss she would begin transitioning to live life as a woman. Harris Funeral fired her, and Stephens filed a complaint with the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. EEOC ruled that Harris Funeral's action violated Title VII, and the Sixth Circuit agreed.
Only 21 states prohibit discrimination in employment based on sexual orientation and transgender identity. Legislation has been pending in Congress for more than four decades, attempting to establish protections nationwide; but, the legislation —which has taken on different forms—has not cleared Congress.
Aimee Stephens, the funeral home employee who brought the transgender complaint to the EEOC, died at her home in Detroit May 12 of kidney failure. She was 59. Donald Zarda, the plaintiff in the Altitude Express case, died in 2014 in a parachuting accident; he was 44.
Gerald Bostock said his job with Clayton County, advocating for child abuse and neglect victims, had been his "dream job." The county fired him for "conduct unbecoming" after he joined a gay softball league. The loss of the job also meant loss of health insurance, just as Bostock was recovering from prostate cancer. Reached recently, Bostock, 56, said he is currently working as a mental-health counselor for a Georgia hospital.
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